Sarah Hilton has been a business examiner for over 20 years and a business teacher for longer. She is now a teacher trainer, business teacher and qualification developer. She runs the website revisionstation which provides smashing business teaching resources at budget prices.
Sarah Hilton has been a business examiner for over 20 years and a business teacher for longer. She is now a teacher trainer, business teacher and qualification developer. She runs the website revisionstation which provides smashing business teaching resources at budget prices.
Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business Unit 2.3.2 Financial Planning (5 complete lessons)
1 Sales, revenue and costs
a) Calculation of sales volume and sales revenue.
b) Calculation of fixed, variable costs, total costs and average costs.
c) Ways of improving sales volumes and sales revenues.
2 Sales forecasting
a) Purpose of sales forecasts.
b) Factors affecting sales forecasts:
• consumer trends
• economic variables
• actions of competitors.
c) Difficulties of sales forecasting.
3 Break-even
a) Contribution: selling price − variable cost per unit.
b) Break-even point:
• total fixed costs + total variable costs = total revenue.
c) Using contribution to calculate the break-even point.
d) Margin of safety.
e) Interpretation of break-even charts.
f) Limitations of break-even analysis.
4 Cash flow
a) Construction and interpretation of simple cash-flow forecasts.
b) Use and limitations of cash-flow forecasts.
5 Budgets
a) Purposes of budgets.
b) Types of budget:
• based on historical figures
• zero based.
c) Variance analysis.
d) Difficulties of budgeting
234 Resource Management
2 CAPACITY UTILISATION
This complete lesson includes:
a) Capacity utilisation: current output (divided by) maximum possible output (× 100)
b) Implications of under and over-utilisation of capacity
c) Ways of improving capacity utilisation (under and over utilisation)
This lesson is written by Sarah Hilton at Revisionstation
Pearson Edexcel International A Level Business Unit 2.3.4 Resource Management (4 Complete Lessons)
1 Production, productivity and efficiency
a) Methods of production:
• job
• batch
• flow
• cell.
b) Productivity:
• output per unit of input per time period
• factors influencing productivity
• link between productivity and competitiveness
• ways to improve productivity.
c) Efficiency:
• production at minimum average cost
• factors influencing efficiency
• ways to improve efficiency.
d) The distinction between labour- and capital-intensive production.
e) Competitive advantage from short product lead-in times.
2 Capacity utilisation
a) Capacity utilisation: current output (divided by) maximum possible output (× 100).
b) Implications of under- and over-utilisation of capacity.
c) Ways of improving capacity utilisation (under and over utilisation).
3 Inventory control
a) Interpretation of inventory control diagram.
b) Buffer inventory.
c) Implications of poor inventory control.
d) Just in time (JIT).
e) Waste minimisation.
f) Competitive advantage from lean production.
4 Quality management
a) Quality:
• control
• assurance
• circles.
b) Total Quality Management (TQM).
c) Continuous improvement (Kaizen).
d) Competitive advantage from quality management.
235 External influences 2 LEGISLATION
This complete lesson includes:
a) The effects on businesses of:
• consumer protection
• employee protection
• environmental protection
• competition policy
• health and safety
• intellectual property rights (copyright, patents and trademarks).
This lesson is written by Sarah Hilton at Revisionstation
AQA A LEVEL BUSINESS NEW SPEC 311 understanding the nature and purpose of business
Why businesses exist
Business objectives such as:
Profit
Growth
Survival
Cash Flow
Social
Ethical
The relationship between mission and objectives
Why businesses set objectives
The measurement and importance of profit:
Revenue (also known as turnover or sales)
Fixed Costs
Variable Costs
Total Costs
This is a complete lesson including a PPT and worksheet
This is lesson written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0
This lesson covers:
The value of decision making based on data (scientific decision making) and on intuition
Scientific decision making:
Understanding and interpreting decision trees
Calculating expected value and net gains.
Decision making:
Risks
Rewards
Uncertainty
Opportunity cost
The use and value of decision trees in decision making
Influences on decision making:
Mission
Objectives
Ethics
The external environment including competition
Resource constraints
This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AQA A LEVEL BUSINESS 312 UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT BUSINESS FORMS
Reasons for choosing different forms of business and for changing business form
Different forms of business:
Sole traders
Private limited companies
Public limited companies
Private sector organisations
Public sector organisations
Non-profit organisations
Social Enterprises
Issues with different forms of business include:
Unlimited and limited liability
Ordinary share capital
Market capitalisation
Dividends
The role of shareholders and why they invest
Influences on share price and the significance of share price changes
The effects of ownership on mission and objectives
This is a complete lesson including a PPT and worksheet
This is lesson written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AQA A LEVEL BUSINESS 313 UNDERSTANDING THAT BUSINESSES OPERATE WITHIN AN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
How the external environment can affect costs
and demand
Factors influencing costs and demand to include
the effect of:
• competition
• market conditions
• incomes
• interest rates
• demographic factors
• environmental issues and fair trade
This is a complete lesson including a PPT and worksheet
This is lesson written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0
This lesson covers:
The process and value of segmentation, targeting and positioning
Segmentation methods include:
Demographic
Geographic
Income
Behavioural segmentation
Influences on choosing a target market and positioning
Targeting may include Niche and Mass marketing
Positioning should include Market mapping
This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0
This lesson covers:
How to manage supply to match demand and the value of doing so, methods include:
Outsourcing (including the value of outsourcing)
use of temporary and part time employees
producing to order
Influences on the amount of inventory held
interpreting inventory control charts
lead time
re-order levels
buffer level of inventory
re-order quantities
Influences on the choice of suppliers
How to manage the supply chain effectively and efficiently and the value of this
This lesson is written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0
This lesson covers:
The importance of capacity
How to utilise capacity efficiently
The importance of efficiency and labour productivity
How to increase efficiency and labour productivity
Difficulties increasing efficiency and labour productivity
The benefits and difficulties of lean production
Lean production should include ‘Just in Time’ vs ‘Just in Case’
How to choose the optimal mix of resources
The mix of resources should include an understanding of labour and capital intensive processes
How to use technology to improve operational efficiency
This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0
Methods of improving quality
quality assurance vs quality control
The benefits and difficulties of improving quality
The consequences of poor quality
This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0
This lesson covers:
The value of setting operational objectives
Operational objectives include:
costs
quality
speed of response
flexibility
environmental objectives
added value
This lesson was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
AS(7131) A-level (7132) Specifications For teaching from September 2023 onwards For as exams in May/June 2024 onwards For a-level exams in May/June 2025 onwards Version 2.0
This lesson covers:
Part 1:
How to construct and analyse budgets and cash flow forecasts
Variance analysis
Adverse and favourable variances
The value of budgeting
How to construct break-even charts
Break even output
Margin of safety
Contribution per unit
Total contribution
How to calculate and illustrate on a break-even chart the effects of change in price, output and costs
The value of break even analysis
Part 2:
How to analyse profitability
Profitability margins
Gross profit
Profit from operations
Profit for the year
How to analyse timings of cash inflows and outflows
Payables
Receivables
The use of data for financial decision making and planning
These lessons were written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet which covers:
a) Internal and external stakeholders
b) Stakeholder objectives
c) Stakeholder and shareholder influences:
o stakeholder: that the business considers all of its
stakeholders in its business decisions/objectives
o shareholder: that the business should focus purely
on shareholder returns (increasing share price and
dividends) in its business decisions/objectives
d) The potential for conflict between profit-based
(shareholder) and wider objectives (stakeholder)
This was written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers:
Edexcel GCSE Business
1.1.1 The Dynamic nature of business complete lesson
This lesson includes:
Why new business ideas come about:
Changes in technology
Changes in what consumers want
Products and services becoming obsolete
How new business ideas come about:
Original ideas
Adapting existing products/services/ideas
Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers:
a) Distribution channels
b) Changes in distribution to reflect social trends:
online distribution
changing from product to service
Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers:
a) Structure:
o hierarchy
o chain of command
o span of control
o centralised and decentralised
b) Types of structure:
o tall
o flat
o matrix
c) Impact of different organisational structures on business
efficiency and motivation
Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers:
a) Sources of finance:
o family and friends
o banks
o peer-to-peer funding
o business angels
o crowd funding
o other businesses
b) Methods of finance:
o loans
o share capital
o venture capital
o overdrafts
o leasing
o trade credit
o grants
Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation
This lesson includes a PowerPoint and a worksheet and covers:
a) Owner’s capital: personal savings
b) Retained profit
c) Sale of assets
Written by Sarah Hilton for Revisionstation